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| A Christmas Story | |
|---|---|
| Directed by | Bob Clark |
| Produced by |
|
| Written by | |
| Based on | In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash by Jean Shepherd |
| Starring | |
| Music by | |
| Cinematography | Reginald H. Morris |
| Edited by | Stan Cole |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | MGM/UA Entertainment Co. |
Release date | |
Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $3.3 million[1] |
| Box office | $20.6 million[1] |
A Christmas Story is a 1983 American Christmascomedy film directed by Bob Clark and based on Jean Shepherd's semi-fictional anecdotes in his 1966 book In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash, with some elements from his 1971 book Wanda Hickey's Night of Golden Memories. It stars Melinda Dillon, Darren McGavin, and Peter Billingsley. A seasonal classic in North America, it is shown numerous times on television, usually on the networks owned by the Turner Broadcasting System. Since 1997, a marathon of the film titled '24 Hours of A Christmas Story' has aired annually on TNT or TBS, comprising 12 consecutive airings of the film on both Christmas Eve and Christmas Day each year.[2] It is often ranked as one of the best Christmas films.
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The film was released on November 18, 1983. It earned two Canadian Genie Awards in 1984 and in 2012 was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being 'culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant'.[3]
The film is presented in a series of vignettes, with narration provided by the adult Ralphie Parker reminiscing on one particular Christmas when he was nine years old. Ralphie wanted only one thing for that Christmas: a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200-shot Range Model air rifle. Ralphie's desire is rejected by his mother, his teacher Miss Shields, and even a Santa Claus at Higbee's department store, all giving him the same warning: 'You'll shoot your eye out.'
Christmas morning arrives and Ralphie dives into his presents. Although he does receive some presents he enjoys, Ralphie ultimately is disappointed that he did not receive the one thing he wanted more than anything. After it appears all of the presents have been opened, Ralphie's father, 'The Old Man,' directs Ralphie to look at one last present that he had hidden. Ralphie opens it to reveal the Red Ryder gun he wanted.
Ralphie takes the gun outside and fires it at a target perched on a metal sign in the backyard. However, the BB ricochets back at Ralphie and knocks his glasses off. While searching for them, thinking he has indeed shot his eye out, Ralphie accidentally steps on his glasses and breaks them. He lies to his mother that a falling icicle broke his glasses, and she believes him. Ralphie is in bed on Christmas night with his gun by his side. The adult Ralphie narrates that this was the best present he had ever received or would ever receive.
The basis of the screenplay is a series of monologues written and performed by Jean Shepherd on radio. Shepherd wrote the adaptation with Bob Clark and Leigh Brown. Several subplots are incorporated into the body of the film, based on other separate short stories by Shepherd. Shepherd provides the film's narration from the perspective of an adult Ralphie, a narrative style later used in the dramedy television series The Wonder Years. Shepherd, Brown, and Clark have cameo appearances in the film: Shepherd plays the man who directs Ralphie and Randy to the back of the Santa line at the department store; Brown – Shepherd's wife in real life – plays the woman in the Santa line with Shepherd; Clark plays Swede, the neighbor the Old Man talks to outside during the Leg Lamp scene.[9]
In the DVD commentary, director Bob Clark mentions that Jack Nicholson was considered for the role of the Old Man; Clark expresses gratitude that he ended up with Darren McGavin instead, who later appeared in several other Clark films. He cast Melinda Dillon on the basis of her similar role in Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Some 8,000 actors auditioned for the role of Ralphie; 'He walked in, and he had us from the beginning,' Clark later recalled of Peter Billingsley who was already a successful actor in commercials[9] and from co-hosting the TV series Real People. Clark initially wanted him for the role of Ralphie, but decided he was 'too obvious' a choice and auditioned many other young actors before realizing that Billingsley was the right choice after all.
Ian Petrella was cast immediately before filming began. Tedde Moore had previously appeared in Clark's film Murder by Decree and was the only onscreen character from A Christmas Story who was played by the same actor in the sequel, My Summer Story. Jeff Gillen was an old friend of Clark's who had been in one of his earliest films.[10] The schoolyard bully, Scut Farkus, was played by Zack Ward, now an actor, writer and director, who had actually been bullied himself while in elementary school. In 2017, he said he was surprised at the impact his role had had over the years. 'I saw that I was ranked — as Christmas villains go — higher than the Grinch. That's amazing.'[11]
The screenplay for A Christmas Story is based on material from author Jean Shepherd's collection of short stories, In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash. Three of the semi-autobiographicalshort stories on which the film is based were originally published in Playboy magazine between 1964 and 1966.[12] Shepherd later read 'Duel in the Snow, or Red Ryder nails the Cleveland Street Kid' and told the otherwise unpublished story 'Flick's Tongue' on his WOR Radiotalk show, as can be heard in one of the DVD extras.[13] Bob Clark states on the DVD commentary that he became interested in Shepherd's work when he heard 'Flick's Tongue' on the radio in 1968. Additional source material for the film, according to Clark, came from unpublished anecdotes that Shepherd told live audiences 'on the college circuit.'[10]
The film is set in Hohman, Indiana, a fictionalized version of Shepherd's hometown of Hammond, and was named after Hohman Avenue, which runs through downtown Hammond.[14] Local references in the film include Warren G. Harding Elementary School and Cleveland Street (where Shepherd spent his childhood). Other local references include mention of a person 'swallowing a yo-yo' in nearby Griffith,[14] the Old Man being one of the fiercest 'furnace fighters in northern Indiana' and that his obscenities were 'hanging in space over Lake Michigan,' a mention of the Indianapolis 500, and the line to Santa Claus 'stretching all the way to Terre Haute, Indiana.' The Old Man is also revealed to be a fan of the Bears (whom he jokingly calls the 'Chicago Chipmunks') and White Sox, consistent with living in northwest Indiana.
Director Bob Clark reportedly sent scouts to twenty cities before selecting Cleveland for exterior filming. Cleveland was chosen because of Higbee's Department Store in downtown Cleveland. (Since Higbee's was exclusive to northeast Ohio,[15] the department store referred to in Shepherd's book and the film is most likely Goldblatt's, located in downtown Hammond [with the Cam-Lan Chinese Restaurant three doors down on Sibley Ave].) Until they connected with Higbee's, location scouts had been unsuccessful in finding a department store that was willing to be part of the film. Higbee's vice president Bruce Campbell agreed to take part in the project on the condition he be allowed to edit the script for cursing. Ultimately, Higbee's was the stage for three scenes in the film:
Higbee's became Dillard's in 1992 and closed for good in 2002.[15]
In addition to the scenes involving Higbee's, the exterior shots (and select interior shots where Ralphie lived, including the opening of the leg lamp) of the house and neighborhood, were filmed in the Tremont section of Cleveland's West Side. The house used as the Parker home in these scenes has been restored, reconfigured inside to match the soundstage interiors, and opened to the public as 'A Christmas Story House'. Appropriately, the fictional boyhood home of Ralphie Parker is on Cleveland Street, the name of the actual street where Shepherd grew up.
Several other locations were used. The school scenes were shot at the Victoria School in St. Catharines, Ontario.[16] The Christmas tree-purchasing scene was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, as was the sound stage filming of interior shots of the Parker home.[17][18] The '..only I didn't say fudge' scene was filmed at the foot of Cherry Street in Toronto; several lake freighters are visible in the background spending the winter at Toronto's port, which lends authenticity to the time of year when the film was produced.
In 2008, two Canadian fans released a documentary that visits every location. Their film, Road Trip for Ralphie, was shot over two years and includes footage of the filmmakers saving Miss Shields' blackboard from the garbage bin on the day the old Victoria School was gutted for renovation, discovering the antique fire truck that saved Flick, locating all the original costumes from the film, and tracking down the real-life location of the film's Chop Suey Palace in Toronto.[19]
The Red Ryder BB gun was never in the exact configuration mentioned in the film. The Daisy 'Buck Jones' model did have a compass and a sundial in the stock, but these features were not included in the Red Ryder model.[20] The compass and sundial were placed on Ralphie's BB gun, but on the opposite side of the stock due to Peter Billingsley being left-handed.[21]
Director Bob Clark stated in the film's DVD commentary that both he and author Shepherd wished for the film to be seen as 'amorphously late-'30s, early-'40s'.[22] A specific year is never mentioned in the film; numerous sources though, including The New York Times and CBS News have dated the film to 1940 or the early 1940s.[23][24][25][26]
Initially overlooked as a sleeper film,[27]A Christmas Story was released a week before Thanksgiving 1983 to moderate success, earning about $2 million in its first weekend.[28]Roger Ebert, who added the film to his 'Great Movies' list, suggested the film had only modest success because holiday-themed films were not popular at the time.[29]Vincent Canby's mostly negative The New York Times review complained that 'the movie's big comic pieces tend only to be exceedingly busy. Though Mr. Billingsley, Mr. Gavin, Miss Dillon and the actress who plays Ralphie's school teacher (Tedde Moore) are all very able, they are less funny than actors in a television situation comedy.' [30]
The film would go on to win two categories in the 5th Genie Awards, for Director Bob Clark and Best Original Screenplay for the work of Leigh Brown, Bob Clark and Jean Shepherd.[31]
By Christmas 1983 the film was no longer playing at most venues, but remained in about a hundred theaters until January 1984.[10] Gross earnings were just over $19.2 million.[28] In the years since, due to television airings and home video release, A Christmas Story has become widely popular and is now an annual Christmas special. The film was produced and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The rights to the film were acquired by Turner Entertainment Co. after Ted Turner's purchase of MGM's pre-1986 film library. Subsequently, Time Warner purchased Turner Entertainment, and currently holds rights to the film.
Over the years, the film's critical reputation has grown considerably and it is considered by some to be one of the best films of 1983.[32] Based on 57 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 89%, with an average score of 8.53/10. The site's consensus reads: 'Both warmly nostalgic and darkly humorous, A Christmas Story deserves its status as a holiday perennial.'[33] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 77 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating 'generally favorable reviews'.[34] In his movie guide, Leonard Maltin awarded the film a rare[citation needed] four-star rating, calling the film 'Delightful' and 'Truly funny for kids and grown-ups alike' with 'Wonderful period flavor.'[35]
On December 24, 2007, AOL ranked the film their #1 Christmas film of all time.[36]IGN ranked the film the top holiday-themed film of all time.[37] In 2012, a Marist Poll named the film the favorite holiday film in the U.S.[38]
The film first aired on television on HBO in 1985, and quickly attracted a growing following. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the film began airing quietly on SuperStation WTBS and Superstation WGN.[39] In 1988, then-fledgling Fox aired the film the night after Thanksgiving.[39] In 1989–1990, TBS showed it Thanksgiving night, while in 1991–1992, they aired it the night after.[39]
Turner Broadcasting has maintained ownership of the broadcast rights, and since the mid-1990s, aired the film increasingly on TBS, TNT, and TCM. By 1995, it was aired on those networks a combined six times on December 24–26,[39] and in 1996, it was aired eight times over those three days.[39]
Due to the increasing popularity of the film, in 1997, TNT began airing a 24-hour marathon dubbed '24 Hours of A Christmas Story,' consisting of the film shown twelve consecutive times beginning at 7 or 8 p.m. on Christmas Eve and ending Christmas Day.[39] This was in addition to various other airings earlier in the month of December. In 2004, after TNT switched to a predominantly drama format, sister network TBS, under its comedy-based 'Very Funny' moniker, took over the marathon. Clark stated that, in 2002, an estimated 38.4 million people tuned into the marathon at one point or another, nearly one sixth of the country.[10] TBS reported 45.4 million viewers in 2005,[40] and 45.5 million in 2006.[41] In 2007, new all-time ratings records were set,[42] with the highest single showing (8 p.m. Christmas Eve) drawing 4.4 million viewers.[42] Viewership increased again in 2008, with 8 p.m. Christmas Eve drawing 4.5 million viewers, and 10 p.m. drawing 4.3 million,[43] and 54.4 million total.[44] As of 2009, the film had been shown 250 times on the Turner family of networks.[44]
In 2007, the marathon continued, and the original tradition was revived. TNT also aired the film twice the Sunday of Thanksgiving weekend (November 25). In 2009, the 24-hour marathon continued on TBS, for the 13th overall year, starting at 8 p.m. eastern on Christmas Eve.[45]
In 2009, the film aired on TBS during a 24-hour marathon on Christmas Eve. The first viewing at 8 p.m. Eastern on December 24 earned a 1.6 rating (18–49) and beat the major broadcast networks (NBC, ABC, CBS, and Fox).[46] In 2010, the marathon averaged 3 million viewers, up 2% from the previous year, ranking TBS as the top cable network for the 24-hour period. The 10 a.m. airing on December 25 was seen by 4.4 million viewers, and the 8 p.m. airing on December 24 was close behind with 4.3 million viewers.[47] The marathons in 2011[48] and 2012[49] continued to see increases in ratings.
For the 2014 and 2015 editions of the marathon, Turner Broadcasting elected to simulcast it on both TNT and TBS, marking the first time since 2003 that TNT aired it as well as the first time the marathon is being carried by multiple stations; the two networks set their airings one hour apart (so that the TNT airings began while TBS was at the middle of the film).[50][51] Both networks ran 24-hour marathons in 2017 and 2018, too.[2]
The PBS series American Playhouse produced two subsequent television film adaptations featuring the same characters, also with Shepherd narrating: The Star-Crossed Romance of Josephine Cowznowfski and Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss. The latter of these was set in the early 1950s with a now-teenaged Ralphie and his friends and family. Shepherd had previously created The Phantom of the Open Hearth and The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters for the same network. [52]
A theatrical sequel involving Ralphie and his family, (It Runs in the Family), was made in 1994. With the exceptions of Tedde Moore as Ralphie's teacher (Miss Shields) and Jean Shepherd as the narrator (the voice of the adult Ralphie, it features an entirely different cast. It received a limited release before being retitled My Summer Story for home video and television release.[53]
A Christmas Story 2 is another sequel which ignores the references and events of My Summer Story and was released direct-to-video in 2012[54] and directed by Brian Levant. It was filmed in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada.[55]
In 2000, a stage play adaptation of A Christmas Story was written by Philip Grecian.[56]
In November 2012, A Christmas Story: The Musical, based on the film, opened on Broadway. Written by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (music and lyrics) and Joseph Robinette (book), the musical opened to positive reviews.[57] The run ended December 30, 2012.[58] The musical was directed by John Rando with choreography by Warren Carlyle and featured Dan Lauria as Jean Shepherd.[59] The musical received Tony Award nominations for Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical (Robinette), and Best Original Score (Music or Lyrics) Written for the Theatre.[60]
The musical was then adapted for television as the three hour A Christmas Story Live!, which aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 17, 2017.[61] Reviews were mixed; on Rotten Tomatoes, the production received a 46% rating based on 13 critics' reviews and a very low 14% based on 44 audience reviews.[62]
Popular misconceptions can get a movie off to a slow start, and they may have helped turn 'A Christmas Story' into the sleeper of this season.
'A Christmas Story' was released in the Christmas season of 1983, and did modest business at first (people don't often go to movies with specific holiday themes).
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