- (IUCN) is an international organization (NGO) working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
- It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying and education.
- The organization is best known for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List, which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide.
- Its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland.
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BirdLife International
- BirdLife International is the world’s largest nature conservation Partnership.
- Together they are 120 BirdLife Partners worldwide.
- BirdLife International strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources.
- BirdLife International is the official Red List authority for birds, for the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- It identifies the sites known/referred to as ‘Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas’.
The Little Green Data Book 2015 is the result of close collaboration between the staff of the Development Data Group of the Development Economics Vice Presidency and the Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice.
With reference to an organization known as ‘Birdlife International’ which of the following statements is/are correct?
- It is a Global Partnership of Conservation Organizations.
- The concept of ‘biodiversity hotspots’ originated from this organization.
- It identifies the sites known/referred to as ‘Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas’.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
BirdLife International has nothing to do with the concept “biodiversity hotspots”.
Answer: c) 1 and 3 only
CITES
- CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is also known as the Washington Convention)
- It is a multilateral treaty drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
- CITES entered into force in 1975.
- Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 35,000 species of animals and plants.
- Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties – in other words they have to implement the Convention – it does not take the place of national laws.
- Rather it provides a framework to be respected by each Party, which has to adopt its own domestic legislation to ensure that CITES is implemented at the national level.
- Parties = 181
- Similar treaty: Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants – MIKE
With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct?
- IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments
- IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments.
- CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws.
Select the correct using the code given below.
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
IUCN is an NGO. CITES is an international agreement between governments (multilateral treaty).
Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
TRAFFIC
- The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC)
- TRAFFIC is a non-governmental organization working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
- TRAFFIC is a joint programme of World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and IUCN.
- Traffic is complimentary to Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
- The programme was founded in 1976, with headquarters now located in Cambridge, United Kingdom.
- TRAFFIC’s mission is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature.
- It investigates and analyses wildlife trade trends, patterns, impacts and drivers to provide the leading knowledge base on trade in wild animals and plants.
- The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, founded in 1964, is the world’s most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.
- When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term “threatened” is a grouping of three categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.
- The pink pages in this publication include the critically endangered species. As the status of the species changes, new pages are sent to the subscribers.
- Green pages are used for those species that were formerly endangered, but have now recovered to a point where they are no longer threatened.
- With passing time, the number of pink pages continue to increase. There are pitifully few green pages.
Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups
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- Extinct (EX) – No known individuals remaining.
- Extinct in the wild (EW) – Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range.
- Critically endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
Criteria
- reduction in population (> 90% over the last 10 years),
- population size (number less than 50 mature individuals),
- quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in wild in at least 50% in their 10 years) and
- it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
- Endangered (EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild.
- Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild.
- Near threatened (NT) – Likely to become endangered in the near future.
- Least concern (LC) – Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at-risk category. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
- Data deficient (DD) – Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction.
- Not evaluated (NE) – Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.
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The ‘Red Data Books’ published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of
- Endemic plant and animal species present in the biodiversity hotspots.
- Threatened plant and animal species.
- Protected sites for conservation of nature & natural resources in various countries.
Which of the statement given above is/are correct ?
- 1 & 3
- 2 only
- 2 & 3
- 3 only
IUCN is an NGO. It publishes Red data book which contains a list of ‘Threatened species’ (vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered).
Answer: b) 2 only
- India has 988 species on IUCN ‘Red List’ as of 2015.
- India has added 15 more species to the “Red List” of threatened species [973 in 2014].
- The list contains criticallyendangered, endangered and vulnerable species.
‘Critically Endangered’ Mammals
Himalayan Brown/Red Bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus)
- Distribution: Nepal, Tibet, north India, and north Pakistan.
- Threats: loss of suitable habitat and persecution by humans.
Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)
- Is the world’s smallest wild pig. This species constructs a nest throughout the year.
- It is one of the most useful indicators of the management status of grassland habitats.
- The grasslands where the pygmy hog resides are crucial for the survival of other threatened species such as Indian Rhinoceros, Swamp Deer, Wild Buffalo, Hispid Hare, Bengal Florican and Swamp Francolin.
- Habitat: Relatively undisturbed, tall ‘terai’ grasslands.
- Distribution: Previously spread across India, Nepal, and Bhutan. Now only found in Assam (Manas Wildlife Sanctuary and its buffer reserves).
- Pygmy hog-sucking Louse (Haematopinus oliveri), a parasite that feeds only on Pygmy Hogs will also fall in the same risk category of critically endangered as its survival is linked to that of the host species.
- Threats: The main threats are loss and degradation of grasslands, dry-season burning, livestock grazing and afforestation of grasslands. Hunting is also a threat.
Andaman White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura andamanensis)
- Distribution: It is endemic to the South Andaman Island of India.
- They are usually active by twilight or in the night.
- Threats: Habitat loss due to selective logging, natural disasters such as tsunami and drastic weather change are thought to contribute to current population declines.
Kondana Rat (Millardia kondana)
- Distribution: Known only from the small Sinhagarh Plateau (about one km2), near Pune in Maharashtra.
- It is a nocturnal burrowing rodent that is found only in India.
- Habitat: Tropical and subtropical dry deciduous forests and tropical scrub.
- Threats: Major threats are habitat loss, overgrazing of vegetation and disturbance from tourism and recreational activities.
Large Rock Rat or Elvira Rat (Cremnomys elvira)
- It is a medium sized, nocturnal and burrowing rodent endemic to India.
- Habitat: Tropical dry deciduous shrub land forest, seen in rocky areas.
- Habitat/distribution: Known only from Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Recorded from an elevation of about 600 m above mean sea level.
- Threats: Major threats are habitat loss, conversion of forests and fuel wood collection.
Namdapha Flying Squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi)
- It is a unique (the only one in its genus) flying squirrel that is restricted to a single valley in the Namdapha N.P. (or) W.L.S. in Arunachal Pradesh.
- Habitat: Tropical forest.
- Habitat/distribution: Found only in Namdapha Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh.
- Threats: Hunted for food.
Malabar Civet (Viverra civettina)
- It is endemic to India and was first reported from Travancore, Kerala.
- It is nocturnal in nature and found exclusively in the Western Ghats.
- Habitat: Wooded plains and hill slopes of evergreen rainforests.
- Habitat/distribution: Western Ghats.
- Threats: Deforestation and commercial plantations are major threats.
Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
- It is the smallest and most endangered of the five rhinoceros species.
- It is now thought to be regionally extinct in India, though it once occurred in the foothills of the Himalayas and north-east India.
- The Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) is also believed to be extinct in India and only a small number survive in Java and Vietnam.
- Threat: Poaching, loss of habitat.
Kashmir stag/hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu)
- It subspecies of Red Deer which is native to India.
- Habitat: Dense riverine forests, high valleys, and mountains of the Kashmir valley and northern Chamba in Himachal Pradesh.
- State animal of Jammu and Kashmir.
- Threat: habitat destruction, over-grazing by domestic livestock, and poaching.
‘Endangered’ Mammals
Red Panda
- Status: Moved from Vulnerable to Endangered recently.
- Red panda is endemic to the temperate forests of the Himalayas.
- Habitat: Sikkim and Assam, northern Arunachal Pradesh.
- Threats: habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression.
Wild ass/ khur (Equus hemionus khur)
- Distribution: Mostly occurs in Rann of Kutch region.
- Population steadily increasing.
- Today, its last refuge lies in the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch.
- Threat – Diseases, habitat degradation due to salt activities, Invasive species Prosopis juliflora shrub, and encroachment and grazing by the Maldhari.
A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal?
- Indian wild buffalo
- Indian wild ass
- Indian wild boar
- Indian Gazelle
Sandy saline area = Kutch region
Indian wild buffalo = Terai region
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Indian wild boar = can survive in different types of habitat: grasslands, taiga, tropical rainforests, but they prefer life in deciduous forests.
Chinkara (Indian gazelle) = Thar desert
Answer: b) Indian wild ass
Dhole/ Asiatic wild dog or Indian wild dog (Cuon alpinus)
- Distribution: They occur in most of India south of the Ganges, particularly in the Central Indian Highlands and the Western and Eastern Ghats of the southern states.
- In north-east India, they inhabit Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, and West Bengal.
- Threats: Habitat loss, depletion of its prey base, competition from other predators, persecution and possibly diseases from domestic and feral dogs.
Eld’s deer/ thamin or brow-antlered deer (Panolia eldii)
- Distribution: Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP), Manipur.
- Threats: Overgrazing, loss of grassland habitat.
Golden langur (Trachypithecus geei)
- Primate, is an Old World monkey
- Distribution – small region of western Assam and in the neighboring foothills of the Black Mountains of Bhutan.
- Threats: Deforestation, human encroachments.
Red Data Book Of India Pdf Pdf
Himalayan / White-bellied Musk Deer
- Habitat: Kashmir, Kumaon and Sikkim.
- Threat: poaching & illegal trade for its musk. Only males produce the musk.
Hispid hare/ Assam rabbit (Caprolagus hispidus)
- Habitat: Southern foothills of the central Himalayas.
- Threats: The habitat of hispid hares is highly fragmented due to increasing agriculture, flood control, and human development.
Hog deer
- Habitat: Terai region and grasslands in northern India.
- Threats: Hunting, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, human encroachments.
Lion-tailed macaque/ wanderoo (Macaca silenus)
- Endemic to the Western Ghats.
- Avoid human presence and they do not live, feed or travel through plantations.
- Habitat: Evergreen forests in the Western Ghats range.
- Threat: Habitat fragmentation due to spread of agriculture and tea, coffee, teak and cinchona, construction of water reservoirs and human settlements to support such activities.
In which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat?
- Tamil Nadu
- Kerala
- Karnataka
- Andhra Pradesh
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 2 only
- 1, 3 and 4 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Lion-tailed macaque is found in Western Ghats. So AP is the odd option.
Answer: a) 1, 2 and 3 only
Chita / Tibetian Antelope
- Status – Near Threatened.
- Habitat : Tibet cold desert.
- Threat : The chiru is threatened by hunting for its fine wool which is used to make the shahtoosh scarves, meat, magnificent horns.
Nilgiri langur/ Nilgiri leaf monkey (Trachypithecus johnii)
- Habitat: Hilly areas of Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
- Threats: Habitat degradation, development activities, introduction of exotic tree species.
Nilgiri tahr
- The Nilgiri tahr is the largest of the three tahr species, inhabit montane grasslands of Western Ghats. It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.
- Threats: Habitat loss, overgrazing, illegal hunting.
‘Endangered’ Marine Mammals
Freshwater / river dolphin
- Distribution: India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan which is split into two subspecies, the Ganges river dolphin and Indus river dolphin.
- Threats: Unintentional killing through entanglement in fishing gear; habitat loss and degradation – water development projects (barrages, high dams, and embankments), pollution – industrial waste and pesticides, municipal sewage discharge and noise from vessel traffic.
Ganges river dolphin
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- Habitat: Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers and their tributaries in Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
- The Ganges river dolphin has been recognized by the government of India as its National Aquatic Animal.
Indus river dolphin
- Habitat: Indus River in Pakistan and its Beas and Sutlej tributaries.
Other than poaching, what are the possible reasons for the decline in the population of Ganges River Dolphins?
Red Data Book Of India Plant Latest Pdf
- Construction of dams and barrages on rivers
- Increase in the population of crocodiles in rivers
- Getting trapped in fishing nets accidentally
- Use of synthetic fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals in crop-fields in the vicinity of rivers
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 3 and 4 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
‘Susu’ shares its habitat with crocodiles, freshwater turtles and wetland birds, many of which are fish eaters and are potential competitors with dolphins.
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Crocodile species in India
- The Mugger (or marsh) crocodile, gharial and the estuarine (coast) crocodile.
- Gharials (Critically Endangered) once thrived in all the major river systems of the Indian Subcontinent. Today, they are extinct in the Indus River, in the Brahmaputra of Bhutan and Bangladesh, and in the Irrawaddy River. Their distribution is now limited to only 2% of their former range.
- The mugger (Vulnerable) crocodile is a freshwater species found sparsely in various lakes, rivers and marshes in the Indian subcontinent.
- Apart from the eastern coast of India, the saltwater crocodile (Least concern) is extremely rare on the Indian subcontinent.
- A huge population is present within the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary of Odisha and they are known to be present in smaller numbers throughout the Indian and Bangladeshi portions of the Sunderbans.
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Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?
Red Data Book Of Indian Animals Pic With Name
- Saltwater crocodile
- Olive ridley turtle
- Gangetic dolphin
- Gharial